Seeing its gold-spangled blue flag flown on the barricades of Kiev thrilled the European Union, reviving its self-image as a beacon of democracy at a time of growing doubt and economic gloom.
But nearly a year on from the first Euromaidan protests that would topple the pro-Moscow president who had spurned an EU trade deal, some in Brussels are disillusioned by the experience of helping Ukraine. EU generosity in waiving import duties and funding gas supplies from Russia may be being abused, they say.
Some in Ukraine's elite may be colluding with Russia, even as fighting in the east has begun to escalate again.
"The Ukrainians are manipulating the EU," a senior EU official involved in negotiations said, adding the bloc was "waking up" to a need to better defend its own interests.
"There may be, in certain sections of the Ukrainian government, an interest in colluding with the Russians and instrumentalizing to a certain extent the EU," he added.
Such views are dismissed as "absolute nonsense" by Ukraine's ambassador to the EU, Kostiantyn Yelisieiev. He condemned talk of secret deals between Kiev and Moscow to exploit Western fears for profit as part of "Russian propaganda" and said he had full confidence in continued cooperation with the European Union.
In public, there is solid EU support for the newly elected president and parliament in the face of Russian hostility — a position new European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker will stress when he visits Kiev, perhaps as early as this month.
And there is unanimous, personal admiration among officials and diplomats for ordinary Ukrainians' courage on the streets, and a will to help them consolidate democracy and prosperity.
Yet in private, endemic post-Soviet corruption, the power of business "oligarchs" and suspicions of lingering Ukrainian collaboration with supposed enemies in Moscow lead some in Brussels to question the future of current levels of EU backing.
"Maybe people fell for this 'poor little Ukraine' line," one EU diplomat said. "But they're not so naive. They're waking up."
That may mean tougher terms for Kiev in further negotiations next year and pressure to show fast results in reforming its politics and economy — a tall order after 25 years of drift and in the middle of a virtual war with its giant eastern neighbor.
Gas and Trade
Most pressing for Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko will be renewed talks with Moscow and the EU on Russian gas supplies, following a deal 10 days ago that won a resumption of flows for the winter. Wrangling on that has contributed to wariness in Brussels about Kiev's relationship with Moscow.
"Despite all the blood being shed in the east of Ukraine, both are quite willing to cooperate on blackmailing Europe," one senior diplomat from an EU state said of the gas deal. "No matter how much you give them, they will always ask for more."
Also urgent will be efforts by the new Ukrainian government to enforce EU economic and social norms in legislation required if a free trade deal is to take full effect on Jan. 1, 2016.
The EU has lifted duties on imports from Ukraine but let Kiev keep tariff protections for its own businesses, which also trade freely with Russia. But, EU officials warn, that one-sided favor cannot last long and Ukraine must honor its commitments.
"Ukrainian oligarchs have the best of both worlds," said the senior EU official, adding that businesses from Polish factories to French wheat farmers had begun to grumble about unfair trade.
"Whether we will end up with full implementation of the EU agreement as it was signed, I have my doubts," he said.
"I think that within six months, the EU will be negotiating again with the Ukrainians and the Russians, with them sitting at the same side of the table ... The EU will wake up."
Caught in the middle of a geostrategic confrontation between Russian President Vladimir Putin and the West, Ukraine has seen its European and U.S. allies stop short of military assistance and focus on economic sanctions against Moscow and aid to Kiev intended to bolster Ukraine's post-Soviet civic institutions.
Amid some regret at the way the EU's drive to conclude its association agreement with Ukraine ended up provoking conflict with Russia, there is sympathy in Brussels for Poroshenko, the confectionery magnate and long-time minister elected to succeed the ousted, Moscow-backed Viktor Yanukovych six months ago.
"You can't blame him for playing a weak hand as best he can in his own national interests," one EU diplomat said of the man who was feted as guest of honor at an EU summit in June.
At the same time, there is a concern not to write blank cheques to Ukraine at a time of austerity at home.
Shared History
The toughest part of the gas deal was satisfying demands from Moscow that the EU guarantee Ukraine would have cash to pay for new gas. Officials from both Moscow and Kiev stressed how a continued shutoff to Ukraine would disrupt gas supplies to the EU, much of which passes through Ukraine in transit pipelines.
A second senior EU official, who was in the negotiating room, reflected that the two ex-Soviet neighbors had a common interest in the EU putting up money. The official noted that despite their current conflict both sides were well acquainted.
"They don't shake hands with each other when we start, but those guys know each other better than I do," the official said.
Ambassador Yelisieiev rejected any suggestion that Ukrainian officials might collude with Russia: "How could we coordinate our position with an aggressor country?" he asked, saying it was the EU which first offered to act as guarantor of the gas deal.
Vaclav Baruska, the Czech Republic's energy security envoy, said Ukrainian corruption in the past meant Prague was still preparing for the worst on gas supply: "We simply expect either no transit or unpredictable transit this winter," he said.
Contrasting post-Soviet Ukrainian leaders with those of other eastern bloc states after the Cold War, he said: "There is not a clean guy anywhere. When we wanted to ... become members of the EU ... we changed ourselves because we wanted to get somewhere. We did not ask the EU to pay us to actually change."
EU Support
Others in the EU are more optimistic. Andrej Plenkovic, the Croatian chair of the European Parliament delegation on Ukraine, said his experience of the elections in Kiev left him sure there was a new start, for which the EU would maintain its support:
"The EU line is very clear," he said. "The Ukrainians chose the European way in the elections ... It's a completely new landscape. We are there to help them and sustain them."
While Ukraine faced an uphill task to bring its economy and society into line with EU norms as the treaty demands, he said: "I'm sure Ukrainian businesses will adapt to be competitive."
A spokeswoman for the EU's new foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini said: "We call on Ukraine to continue the process of envisaged reforms and economic modernization." That would include "adequate preparation" for implementing the two-way free trade part of the association agreement by the start of 2016.
Like his ill-fated predecessor, however, Poroshenko and the Ukrainian business owners who control much of the economy, still face a risk that completing the EU trade deal will mean Russia shuts them out of what has so far been their main market. Beyond that, Kiev, like the West, needs to deescalate the conflict.
That is why some EU diplomats and officials believe the new leadership may seek a way out of the full EU accord, while still fearing a backlash on the streets, where dozens died — under EU flags — to bring down the last president who turned it down.
Many in Brussels are still disposed to be understanding.
"How can you demand reforms from a country at war?" another senior EU diplomat asked. "I can't plausibly imagine the EU will tell them to go to hell. That's not in the EU's DNA."
The situation of Ukrainian oligarchs uniquely enjoying "free trade from Lisbon to Vladivostok" could not go on indefinitely, he said. But how the EU and Kiev might negotiate new terms, and handle Russia, was still impossible to predict with certainty.
"The biggest mistake in the whole thing has been underestimating the Ukrainian people — by all sides, by us, by Yanukovych, by Putin," the diplomat said. "None of us expected the Euromaidan. So let's see what happens next."
