??ó???»?‹??: base, low, vile?
Here's a new bit of folk etymology going around: Way back in some undefined olden days of Russia, executions were performed in the winter by tying someone to a pole and pouring water over him until he was covered with a thick layer of ice and froze to death. The guy who poured the water was the ???????»?µ?† (scoundrel, here supposedly from ???????»?????°?‚?? ???????? — to pour on water), and the guy who froze to death was the ???µ?€?·?°???µ?† (scum, here from ???‘?€?·?????‚?? ?€” to freeze).
Now I'm no specialist in forms of execution, but slowly freezing to death is a relatively peaceful way to go ?€” compared to being impaled, drawn and quartered, hanged or shot, that is ?€” and not practiced in Russia or anywhere else that I can find. (Specialists in torture and execution are welcome to correct me.) As for the etymologies: specialists say that the origins of ???????»?µ?† (scoundrel) are not quite clear, but ?????? means under, and in the 18th century ???????»?‹?? was someone of the underclass. So ???????»?µ?† is someone base, vile: a low-life.
Now ???µ?€?·?°???µ?† is a fascinating word. It is connected with ???‘?€?·?????‚?? (to shake with cold), perhaps because evil is cold-hearted? Or makes your blood run cold when you see it? Today it means an immoral person, but ages ago ???µ?€?·?°???µ?† ?€” also ???µ?€?·?°???‡???? ?€” was the smallest amount of vodka sold, which was 1/200th of a bucket. I guess that when you toss it back, you shudder.
Now how cool is that? (No pun intended.)
Other words for not-nice people also have interesting histories. For example: ?±?µ?·???±?€?°?·?????? (hellion, scamp) comes from ?±?µ?·???±?€?°?·???µ, which is easily taken apart as ?±?µ?· (without) ???±?€?°?· (shape, form, image). At first this simply meant "without form," and then came to mean "ugliness," and finally came to rest at "indecent behavior" ?€” which is also an absence of form, in a way. ?‘?µ?·???±?€?°?·?????? seems to have been stronger in meaning a century ago: ???»?? ???? ?±???»?????°?€?? ?‚?€?? ???°?????µ-?‚?? ?±?µ?·???±?€?°?·???????° ?? ???·???»?? ???µ??????????. (Three ruffians were walking along the boulevard when they grabbed a girl and made off with her.) Now ?±?µ?·???±?€?°?·?????? can be used in some contexts as almost a word of affection: ?????? ???°?»?µ?????????µ ?±?µ?·???±?€?°?·????????! (My little mischief-makers!)
Another strong word with a convoluted history is ?±?µ?????°?±?°?????‹??. It's also easily parsed as ?±?µ?· ???°?±?°?‚?° (without the Sabbath). It appears to have first meant someone who did not respect the religious dictum to rest on the Sabbath. ?‘?µ?????°?±?°?????°?? ?€?°?±???‚?°, a fairly obscure phrase these days, means "work without a break." Now ?±?µ?????°?±?°?????‹?? is someone reckless and wild ?€” a daredevil, someone with a devil-may-care attitude. Like this guy: ???µ?‚?? ?€” ?±?µ?????°?±?°?????‹??, ?»???±???» ?????????°??????, ???????° ???µ ?????‡?µ???°?», ?????µ?» ?????µ ?¶?µ???‹. (Petya was a wild guy, who loved hanging out with his friends, didn't sleep at home, and had two wives.)
Finally, there's ???°??, originally ?€” amphibian, now either something creepy-crawly, or someone who gives you the creeps. Here's when it's a creature that crawls the earth: ???????°?? ?€?°???‚???‡???»????, ?????‚?°?????? ?±???»???‚???‹?? ?·?°???°?…, ?° ???°???‹ ?????‡?µ?·?»?? (The mist dissipated leaving a boggy odor, and all the reptiles disappeared.) Here's when it's a creep: ? ?µ?????»?????µ?€ ?????‘?€?»?? ???µ??????????… ?’???‚ ???°???‹. (My gun was ripped off today?€¦ what a bunch of creeps.) And here's when you can't tell: ? ?????????°?? ?·?????° ???µ ?? ?????»?°?… ?·?°?????€???·???‚?? ???????·?µ?????‹?… ???°??????. (The Russian winter can't freeze those foreign slimebags.)
I think I'm offended.
Michele A. Berdy, a Moscow-based translator and interpreter, is author of "The Russian Word's Worth" (Glas), a collection of her columns.