There you are in the office, sniffing, sneezing, blowing your nose and coughing. Your nose is red, your eyes are dripping and you can barely talk. Your coworkers stay as far away from you as possible. Finally, after another round of explosive sneezing and coughing that efficiently disperses about a billion germs around the room, someone finally says: ?????¶?µ?‚ ?±?‹?‚??, ???°?? ??????????? ???°???µ?»?? ?»?µ?‡???‚?? ???°????! (Maybe you should go home? You really ought to get that cough taken care of.)
This everyday conversation in flu season seems simple enough. But a colleague's discussion about the word ?»?µ?‡???‚?? made me realize that, like so much else in Russian, it's not quite as easy as it seems.
You can tell this from dictionaries. ?›?µ?‡???‚?? (to heal) has two definitions. One is to treat an illness, and the other is to cure it, or as they put it very carefully, "to take measures to stop an illness." So most of the time when you're translating — and you can imagine how crucial this is if you are a medical interpreter working with a patient in the hospital — you translate ?»?µ?‡???‚?? as the process of treating an illness or medical condition. For example, ?•???? ?»?µ?‡???»?? ???µ?‚?€?°?????†?????????‹???? ???µ?‚?????°????: ???€???·??????, ?????»???????°?»?‹???°?????µ??. (He was treated with nontraditional methods — mud and acupuncture.) Sometimes with the noun ?»?µ?‡?µ?????µ (treatment, therapy), it's very clear that we're not talking about a cure: ?›?µ?‡?µ?????µ ?????°?·?‹???°?µ?‚???? ?±?µ?·?€?µ?·???»???‚?°?‚???‹??. (The treatment has no effect.)
But sometimes, just to make life interesting, Russians use ?»?µ?‡???‚?? to mean curing an illness: ?’?€?°?‡ ?»?µ?‡???» ???µ???? ?±?‹???‚?€?? ?? ???°?????µ?????°. (The doctor cured me quickly and once and for all.) Or curing a metaphorical illness: ???‚ ???µ?»?°???…???»???? ?»?µ?‡???‚ ?‚???»?????? ???±?‰?µ?????µ ?? ???€?µ???€?°?????‹??. (The only cure for melancholy is spending time with beauty.)
Thankfully, most of the time Russian speakers use one of the forms of the verb — a perfective form, for all you grammar lovers — that means to cure. ?’?‹?»?µ?‡???‚?? is probably the most common: ?‘?°?±???????° ?±?‹???‚?€?? ???‹?»?µ?‡???»?° ???€?????‚?‹???????? ???????‡???? ???°?€???????‹???? ???µ?‚?????°????. (The girl's grandmother used folk remedies to quickly cure her cold.) ???°?? ???‹?»?µ?‡???‚?? ?…?€???????‡?µ???????? ?±?€?????…???‚ ???°?????µ?????°? (How do you cure chronic bronchitis once and for all?)
Another verb that means to cure is ???·?»?µ?‡???‚??: ???€???†?µ???‚ ???·?»?µ?‡?µ?????‹?… ???µ?€???????????‹?… ???°?€???????°?????? ???? ?????‘?? ?????€?µ ?????‡?‚???¶?µ??. (Only a miniscule percentage of heroin addicts in the world are cured.) ???·?»?µ?‡???‚?? is often used in a phrase from the Bible: ?’?€?°?‡, ???·?»?µ?‡?? ???µ?±?? ???°??. (Physician, heal thyself.)
And then there's the ?»?µ?‡???‚?? verb that I loathe: ?·?°?»?µ?‡???‚??. It can mean to heal something, usually a wound or trauma. ???? ???????°?? ???µ ?????¶?µ?‚ ?·?°?»?µ?‡???‚?? ?‚?€?°??????, ?????»???‡?µ???????? ?? ?„???‚?±???»???????? ???°?‚?‡?µ. (He hasn't been able to heal the trauma he got playing soccer.) Or: ?’?€?µ???? ?·?°?»?µ?‡???‚ ?€?°???‹. (Time heals all wounds.)
But get this: ?·?°?»?µ?‡???‚?? has a second meaning that is just the opposite — to kill by incompetent medical skills. It's usually clear when this is meant: ???????°?¶???‹ ???????‚???€ ???°???? ?‡???‚?? ???µ ?·?°?»?µ?‡???» ???°?€?????° ???? ?????µ?€?‚??. (Once Dr. Chapeau's treatment nearly killed Kharms.) Or: ?•?????° ???µ ?·?°?»?µ?‡???»??! ???µ?????µ?€?°?‚???€?° ???? ?????€?????° ?????????????‡???»?°! (They almost killed him with their cure! His temperature went up to 104 degrees Fahrenheit!)
Let's stand up and applaud a language that uses one word for "curing by medical skills" and "killing by lack of medical skills."
???·?‹??, ???·?»?µ?‡?? ???µ?±?? ???°??! (Language, heal thyself!)
Michele A. Berdy, a Moscow-based translator and interpreter, is author of "The Russian Word's Worth" (Glas), a collection of her columns.