?????µ???????‘?????‹??: united, connected, combined
The U.S. election cycle is finally over, and I can put away my crib sheets on the Electoral College and retire my standard explanation for the chaotic, confusing and contradictory state policies for registering voters and accepting absentee ballots: ???‚?€?°???° ???°?·?‹???°?µ?‚???? ?????µ???????‘?????‹?µ ???‚?°?‚?‹ ?????µ?€??????. ??‚?? ???°?? ?•???€?????°, ?????µ ???°?¶???‹?? ???‚?°?‚ – ???????µ?€?µ???????µ ???????????°?€???‚???? (The country is called the United States of America. It's like Europe, where every state is a sovereign government.)
On about the 57th time I hauled out that phrase, I suddenly thought: Why is united translated as ?????µ???????‘?????‹?µ and not ???±???µ???????‘?????‹?µ (also united), and what's the difference between the two words? Those questions turned out to be a lovely distraction from wondering why anyone in their right mind would vote for someone who said he'd reveal his budget after he gets elected.
After a bit of poking around, I learned that a fair number of Russian translators and nonspecialists wondered the same thing ?€“ well, not about the nutty electorate, but: Why isn't ?????? (USA) really ?????? ?€“ ???±???µ???????‘?????‹?µ ???‚?°?‚?‹ ?????µ?€???????
The armchair linguists agreed that while the verbs from these adjectives, ?????µ?????????‚?? and ???±???µ?????????‚??, are basically synonyms, they are used in different situations and have slightly different meanings. But they don't agree on what they are.
As far as I can determine, the verb pair ?????µ?????????‚??/?????µ?????????‚?? is used to combine or connect things or people. It can have the sense of establishing a line of transportation or communication. If you call someone's office, the secretary might check to be sure the boss wants to talk to you and then say: ?????µ?????????? (I'll connect you now). Or it can mean mixing something together: ???????€???? ???€???‚?µ?€?µ?‚?? ?? ?????µ?????????‚?? ?? ?????????‰???? ?????»???????? (Sieve the pot cheese and combine it with scalded milk). Or it can be used for combining several discrete objects or notions together: ???‹ ?????µ?????????»?? ?????° ???‡?°???‚???° ?? ???????? ?±???»???????? (We put together two plots of land to form one big parcel).
???±???µ?????????‚??/???±???µ?????????‚?? isn't generally used to describe communication or transportation lines or a mixture in a recipe, but it can be used to describe combining discrete things into one whole. ???‹ ???±???µ?????????»?? ???°???µ ???????‰?µ???‚???? (We combined our property). It also has a loftier meaning of joining people or organizations together under one leader, ideology or goal. Sometimes people are joined together by their shared love of something: ???±???µ?????????»?° ?µ???? ?? ?±?°?±?????? ???… ?»???±?????? ?? ?‡?°?? (A love for tea brought him and the old lady together).
And then the verb or adjective can be used to describe a joint group that is either long-standing or temporary, like ???±???µ???????‘???????µ ???????°?????????°?????µ (joint command).
The distinction is subtle and may have more to do with conventions of language use rather than shades of meaning. But when I looked at countries or organizations that have "united" in their name, the word is translated as ???±???µ???????‘?????‹?? when the constituent parts existed before their unification, like ???±???µ???????‘?????‹?µ ???€?°?±???????µ ??????€?°?‚?‹ (United Arab Emirates) or ???€???°?????·?°?†???? ???±???µ???????‘?????‹?… ???°?†???? (United Nations Organization).
Maybe since the states in North America didn't really exist as separate legal entities before unification, they are ?????µ???????‘?????‹?µ? Interestingly, Russian translators can't make up their minds about the United Kingdom, which is either ?????µ???????‘???????µ or ???±???µ???????‘???????µ ?????€???»?µ?????‚????.
Or maybe the explanation is much simpler: Some translator working on a deadline 200 years ago wrote ?????µ???????‘?????‹?µ ???‚?°?‚?‹ ?????µ?€?????? and it stuck?
Michele A. Berdy, a Moscow-based translator and interpreter, is author of "The Russian Word's Worth" (Glas), a collection of her columns.