???°???????€???????°: camouflage, variously
Because I'm a news junkie, I read more about the Ukraine crisis than anyone who values their sanity. And because I read so much about Ukraine and am so interested in language, right now my main sources of new words are military terminology and obscenities. But at least the word family I've become obsessed with this week is not just used in the theater of war, but in the kitchen, gym, operating room — and the regular theater, too.
I'm thinking of ???°?????° (mask), ???°???????€?????°?‚?? (to mask), ???°???????€???????° (something masked).
???°?????° is used in Russian pretty much the way mask is used in English. For example, in an example of shared holiday-making: ?????????» ???‚?€?°???????? ???°?????? «?‚?‹?????°-???±?????†?°» ???° ?????»?»???????? (He bought a scary mask of a killer pumpkin for Halloween). In "House M.D. " or «?”?????‚???€ ???°????» doctors don ???°?????° for surgery and put ???°?????° over the patient's nose and mouth on the operating table.
Appearance-conscious women and men put ?????‚?°?‚?µ?»???????? (nourishing), ???‡???‰?°???‰???? (cleansing), or ???????µ?¶?°???‰???? ???°?????? (refreshing mask) on their faces before a night out on the town. And in both languages, ???°?????°/mask can be used to describe a person's false appearance, although in English this kind of mask is usually a facial expression while in Russian it can refer to more general behavior. ?????? ???°???????? ?»?????»?????????‚?? ???? ???°?? ?¶???‚???? ?????????‘?» (While pretending to be loyal, he really let us down).
???°???????€?????°?‚?? is the verb that describes donning a mask or the act of camouflage. In the kitchen, this kind of concealment is innocent: ???°???????€?????°?‚?? (to mask) means to cover prepared food with a layer of sauce or glaze. But elsewhere it can be nefarious. ???€?????°???‚ ???????‚?µ?‚???‡?µ???????? ???‘??, ???°???????€???? ?????? ???°?‚???€?°?»?????‹?? (They sell synthetic honey that they pass off as the real stuff). Or protective: ?—?µ?»?‘???°?? ???µ?‚???° ???°???????€?????°?»?° ???‚ ???€?°?¶?µ???????… ???°?????»?‘?‚???? ??????????, ???°???????‹ ?? ?°?????°?€?‹ (Green netting camouflaged the guns, vehicles and hangers from the enemy planes).
???°???????€???????° is an act of concealment that might be benign. It might be carried out in the garden: ?’?????‰???µ???? ?€?°???‚?µ?????? ???????…???????‚ ?? ???»?? ???°???????€???????? ???‚?°?€?‹?… ?????µ?? (Climbing plants are good for hiding old tree stumps). Or in front of the mirror: ?’???·?°?¶?????‚?‹ ???????µ?‚?????‚ ?????????»???·?????°?‚?? ?±???»?µ?µ ???????‚???? ?‚???? ?? ?‚?µ?… ???»???‡?°???…, ?????????° ???µ???±?…?????????° ?±???»?µ?µ ???„?„?µ???‚???????°?? ???°???????€???????° ???µ???????‚?°?‚?????? ?????¶?? (Make-up artists advise using a thicker foundation when you need to effectively camouflage skin problems).
In the military, it can refer to camouflaging troops or equipment from enemy eyes. ???µ?»???·?? ???°?€?????°?‚?? ???????? ???· ?????????????????»?°???°???‰???… ???€?????†???????? ???°???????€????????: ???µ ?????µ?‚?? ?? ???????µ?? ?????µ?¶???µ ???€?µ?????µ?‚?‹, ???‚?€?°?¶?°???‰???µ ?????µ?‚ (You can't violate one of the main principles of camouflage: Don't wear anything reflective).
But ???°???????€???????° has a broader military meaning: strategic, operational, physical and tactical deception. Apparently in U.S. military terminology, this is called either CC&D (camouflage, concealment and deception) or more recently D&D (denial and deception). It is the whole shebang — from guys in ski masks or uniforms with no insignia, to undercover activities, to hidden weapons transfers, to — well, starting a civil war but pretending that you've done nothing of the sort.
Way back in 1995, when the U.S. and Russia were so friendly that language columnist William Safire could come to Moscow and chat about terminology with the boys on Lubyanka, he fell under the spell of this Russian term. "What a beautiful word, pronounced mas-kir-OAF-ka," he wrote then.
Man, what a difference two decades make.
Michele A. Berdy, a Moscow-based translator and interpreter, is author of "The Russian Word's Worth" (Glas), a collection of her columns.